Microcontroller Based Bidirectional Visitor Counter

ConstruCtion Microcontroller-bAsed two-way Visitor counter UMAR SUNIL K ? AkshAy MAthur, kuldeep singh nAglA V isitor counting is simply a measurement of the visitant trading entering and deceaseing offices, malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maximise the readiness and effectiveness of employees, floor bea and sales potential of an organisation.Visitor counting is not limited to Semiconductors IC1 LM324 quad op-amp IC2 74LS76 J-K flip out IC3 AT89C52 microcontroller IC4 7805 5V regulator T1, T2 L14F1 npn photo transistor T3, T4 2N3904 npn transistor IR TX1, IR TX2 IR transmitting LED BR1 1A bridge over rectifier DIS1-DIS3 LTS543 CC 7-segment display Resistors (all ? -watt, 5% carbon) R1, R2 68-ohm R3, R4 6. 8-kilo-ohm R5, R6 100-ohm R7, R8, R10, R11 10-kilo-ohm R9 4. 7-kilo-ohm R12-R32 220-ohm VR1, VR2 20-kilo-ohm pre heap RNW1 10-kilo-ohm resistor network Capacitors C1, C2 C3, C4 C5 C6 C7 variant XTAL X1 S1 S2 0. F ceramic plough 3 3pF ceramic disk 10F, 16V electrolytic 470F, 25V electrolytic 0. 1F ceramic disk 12MHz crystal 230V primary to 7. 5V, 250mA lower-ranking transformer Push-to-on switch On/off switch Fig. 1 Transmitter- mystifyr set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage Parts List the entry/exit read/write head of a company moreover has a wide range of applications that provide culture to management on the volume and flow of people doneout a location. A primary method acting for counting the visitors involves hiring human auditors to stand and manually add the number of visitors who pass by a certain location.But human-based data collection comes at great expense. hither is a low-cost microcontrollerbased visitor counter that mint be used to know the number of persons at a place. All the components required are readily available in the market and the lap is trip bowling ping to build. cardinal IR sender-receiver pairs are used at the passage one pair comprising IR transmitter I R TX1 and receiver phototransistor T1 is installed at the entry point of the passage, while the otherwise pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX2 and phototransistor T2 is installed at the exit of the passage.The IR signals from the IR LEDs should continuously fall on the respective phototransistors, so proper orientation of the transmitters and phototransistors is necessary. circuit description Fig. 1 shows the transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage along with block diagram. Two similar sections detect breachion of the IR station and generate clock pulse for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the number of persons present inside the hall. Fig. 2 shows the circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter, wherein the transmitter and the receiver form the IR catching circuit.Control logic is built around transistors, operational amplifier LM324 (IC1) and flip-flop (IC2). When nobody is passing done the entry/exi t point, the IR beam continuously falls on phototransistor T1. Phototransistor T1 conducts and the high voltage at its emitter drives transistor T3 into saturation, which makes marijuana cigarette 3 of comparator N1 low and finally production pin 1 of comparator N1 is high. Now if someone enters the place, first the IR beam from IR TX1 is interrupt and then the IR beam from IR TX2. When the beam from IR TX1 is interrupted, phototransistor T1 and transistor T3 cut-off and pin 3 of comparator N1 goes high.The low out posture (pin 1) of comparator N1 provides oppose trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip-flop IC2(A). At this moment, the high input at J and K w w w. e f y m ag . co m 7 8 J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtion w w w. e f y m ag . co m e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 7 9 Fig. 2 Circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter ConstruCtion Fig. 3 Power supply circuit pins of flip-flop IC2(A) toggles its issue to low. O n the other hand, the low input at J and K pins of IC2(B) due to Fig. Pin clock pin 1 of configuration of L14F1 and IC2(A) and J intransistor 2N3904 put (pin 9) and K input (pin 12) of IC2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator N1. The negative-going pulse is apply to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC2(B) flip-flop. This triggers the outer interrupt INT0 (pin 12) of microcontroller AT89C52. The AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash-based program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16-bit timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.A 12MHz crystal is used for providing clock. Ports 0, 1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kilo-ohm resistor network RNW1 because port0 is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional, input/output (I/O) port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports with internal pull-ups (no need of external pull-ups). Port pins 3. 0 and 3. 1 are configured to provide the set pulse to J-K flip-flops IC2(A) and IC2(B), respectively. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 receive the interrupt pulse when the person interrupts the IR beams.Resistor R9 and capacity C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. When the microcontroller is re- set, the flip-flops are brought in set state through the microcontroller at software program run time by reservation their set pin high for a moment. The regard as of the counter increments by Fig. 5 An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor 1 when the counter (Fig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. 3) interrupt servicing routine for INT0 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to high again by making its set input pin low through the microcontroller. The micro-controller is configured as a negative-edgetriggered interrupt sensor. Sim ilarly, if somebody exits the place, first the IR beam from IR TX2 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX1. When Fig. 6 Component layout for the PCB the beam from IR TX2 is interrupted, output pin provides clock pulse to pin 6 of J-K 7 of comparator N2 goes low. This flip-flop IC2(B). w w w. e f y m ag . co m 8 0 J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtionAt this moment, the high input at J and K pins of flip-flop IC2(B) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at J and K pins of IC2(A) due to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) and J input (pin 4) and K input (pin 16) of IC2(A) are connected to pin 7 of comparator N2. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 1 of IC2(A) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX1. There is no change in the output of IC2(A) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt INT1 (pin 13) of microcontroller AT89C52. The value of the counter decrements by 1 when interrupt service routine for INT1 is exec uted.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to high again by making its set input pin low through the microcontroller. The circuit is powered by set 5V. Fig. 3 shows the circuit of the power supply. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to accept secondary output of 7. 5V, 250mA, which is rectified by bridge rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C6 and regulated by IC 7805 (IC4). Capacitor C7 bypasses any ripple in the regulated output. 3) is shown in Fig. 5 and its component layout in Fig. 6. software The software for the visitor counter is written in C language and compiled using C51 Keil compiler.The demo chance variable of this compiler is available for free on the website www. keil. com. It whoremaster compile programs up to 2 kB only, which is sufficient for writing most programs. EFY note. The source code and other relevant files of this article have been included in this months EFY-CD. construction An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontr oller-based visitor counter (Fig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. visitor. c include int i=0,j,k,l,m,a=63,6,91,79,102,109,125,7,127,111 void enter (void) interrupt 0 i++ if(i999) i=999 P3_1=0 for(m=0mMicrocontroller Based Bidirectional Visitor CounterConstruCtion Microcontroller-bAsed bidirectionAl Visitor counter UMAR SUNIL K ? AkshAy MAthur, kuldeep singh nAglA V isitor counting is simply a measurement of the visitor traffic entering and exiting offices, malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and sales potential of an organisation.Visitor counting is not limited to Semiconductors IC1 LM324 quad op-amp IC2 74LS76 J-K flip-flop IC3 AT89C52 microcontroller IC4 7805 5V regulator T1, T2 L14F1 npn phototransistor T3, T4 2N3904 npn transistor IR TX1, IR TX2 IR transmitting LED BR1 1A bridge rectifier DIS1-DIS3 LTS543 CC 7-segment display Resistors (all ? -watt, 5% carbon) R1, R2 68-ohm R3 , R4 6. 8-kilo-ohm R5, R6 100-ohm R7, R8, R10, R11 10-kilo-ohm R9 4. 7-kilo-ohm R12-R32 220-ohm VR1, VR2 20-kilo-ohm preset RNW1 10-kilo-ohm resistor network Capacitors C1, C2 C3, C4 C5 C6 C7 Miscellaneous XTAL X1 S1 S2 0. F ceramic disk 33pF ceramic disk 10F, 16V electrolytic 470F, 25V electrolytic 0. 1F ceramic disk 12MHz crystal 230V primary to 7. 5V, 250mA secondary transformer Push-to-on switch On/off switch Fig. 1 Transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage Parts List the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of applications that provide information to management on the volume and flow of people throughout a location. A primary method for counting the visitors involves hiring human auditors to stand and manually tally the number of visitors who pass by a certain location.But human-based data collection comes at great expense. Here is a low-cost microcontrollerbased visitor counter that can be used to know the number of perso ns at a place. All the components required are readily available in the market and the circuit is easy to build. Two IR transmitter-receiver pairs are used at the passage one pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX1 and receiver phototransistor T1 is installed at the entry point of the passage, while the other pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX2 and phototransistor T2 is installed at the exit of the passage.The IR signals from the IR LEDs should continuously fall on the respective phototransistors, so proper orientation of the transmitters and phototransistors is necessary. circuit description Fig. 1 shows the transmitter-receiver set-up at the entrance-cum-exit of the passage along with block diagram. Two similar sections detect interruption of the IR beam and generate clock pulse for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the number of persons present inside the hall. Fig. 2 shows the circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter, wherein the transmitter and the receiver form the IR detection circuit.Control logic is built around transistors, operational amplifier LM324 (IC1) and flip-flop (IC2). When nobody is passing through the entry/exit point, the IR beam continuously falls on phototransistor T1. Phototransistor T1 conducts and the high voltage at its emitter drives transistor T3 into saturation, which makes pin 3 of comparator N1 low and finally output pin 1 of comparator N1 is high. Now if someone enters the place, first the IR beam from IR TX1 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX2. When the beam from IR TX1 is interrupted, phototransistor T1 and transistor T3 cut-off and pin 3 of comparator N1 goes high.The low output (pin 1) of comparator N1 provides negative trigger pulse to pin 1 of J-K flip-flop IC2(A). At this moment, the high input at J and K w w w. e f y m ag . co m 7 8 J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtion w w w. e f y m ag . co m e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 7 9 Fig. 2 Circuit of the microcontroller-based visitor counter ConstruCtion Fig. 3 Power supply circuit pins of flip-flop IC2(A) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at J and K pins of IC2(B) due to Fig. Pin clock pin 1 of configuration of L14F1 and IC2(A) and J intransistor 2N3904 put (pin 9) and K input (pin 12) of IC2(B) are connected to pin 1 of comparator N1. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX2. There is no change in the output of IC2(B) flip-flop. This triggers the external interrupt INT0 (pin 12) of microcontroller AT89C52. The AT89C52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8 kB of flash-based program memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 input/output lines, three 16-bit timers/counters, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.A 12MHz crystal is used for providing clock. Ports 0, 1 and 2 are configured for 7-segment displays. Port-0 pin is externally pulled up with 10-kilo- ohm resistor network RNW1 because port0 is an 8-bit, open-drain, bidirectional, input/output (I/O) port. Port-1 and port-2 are 8-bit bidirectional I/O ports with internal pull-ups (no need of external pull-ups). Port pins 3. 0 and 3. 1 are configured to provide the set pulse to J-K flip-flops IC2(A) and IC2(B), respectively. External interrupts INT0 and INT1 receive the interrupt pulse when the person interrupts the IR beams.Resistor R9 and capacitor C5 provide power-on-reset pulse to the microcontroller. Switch S1 is used for manual reset. When the microcontroller is re- set, the flip-flops are brought in set state through the microcontroller at software run time by making their set pin high for a moment. The value of the counter increments by Fig. 5 An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor 1 when the counter (Fig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. 3) interrupt service routine for INT0 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set t o high again by making its set input pin low through the microcontroller. The micro-controller is configured as a negative-edgetriggered interrupt sensor. Similarly, if somebody exits the place, first the IR beam from IR TX2 is interrupted and then the IR beam from IR TX1. When Fig. 6 Component layout for the PCB the beam from IR TX2 is interrupted, output pin provides clock pulse to pin 6 of J-K 7 of comparator N2 goes low. This flip-flop IC2(B). w w w. e f y m ag . co m 8 0 J a n ua ry 2 0 0 7 e l e c t ro n i c s f o r yo u ConstruCtionAt this moment, the high input at J and K pins of flip-flop IC2(B) toggles its output to low. On the other hand, the low input at J and K pins of IC2(A) due to clock pin 6 of IC2(B) and J input (pin 4) and K input (pin 16) of IC2(A) are connected to pin 7 of comparator N2. The negative-going pulse is applied to clock pin 1 of IC2(A) when the person interrupts the IR beam from IR TX1. There is no change in the output of IC2(A) flip-flop. This trig gers the external interrupt INT1 (pin 13) of microcontroller AT89C52. The value of the counter decrements by 1 when interrupt service routine for INT1 is executed.The output of the corresponding J-K flip-flop is set to high again by making its set input pin low through the microcontroller. The circuit is powered by regulated 5V. Fig. 3 shows the circuit of the power supply. The AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver secondary output of 7. 5V, 250mA, which is rectified by bridge rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C6 and regulated by IC 7805 (IC4). Capacitor C7 bypasses any ripple in the regulated output. 3) is shown in Fig. 5 and its component layout in Fig. 6. software The software for the visitor counter is written in C language and compiled using C51 Keil compiler.The demo version of this compiler is available for free on the website www. keil. com. It can compile programs up to 2 kB only, which is sufficient for writing most programs. EFY note. The source code a nd other relevant files of this article have been included in this months EFY-CD. construction An actual-size, single-side PCB for the microcontroller-based visitor counter (Fig. 2) including its power supply (Fig. visitor. c include int i=0,j,k,l,m,a=63,6,91,79,102,109,125,7,127,111 void enter (void) interrupt 0 i++ if(i999) i=999 P3_1=0 for(m=0m